Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy (JMPEE)
TITLE	Microwave Synthesis of Near Infrared Hepthamethine Cyanine Dye [PDF]
AUTHORS	A. J. Winstead, R. Williams, K. Hart, N Fleming and A. Kennedy 2008 42 1 35-41
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Abstract Cyanine dyes are an interesting class of near infrared (NIR) dyes that have captured the interest of the scientific community. The NIR cyanine dye of interest, heptamethine cyanine dye NIR-l, exhibits characteristics that satisfy the qualifications as an acceptor in a Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) biosensor [Wher, 1976]. Applications of FRET systems include structure determination and conformation of proteins [Hammer et al., 2002], receptor/ligand interactions [Hammer et al., 2002], and the cellular exposure to environmental toxins [Schwartz and Ulfelder, 1992]. This research stems from an interdepartmental collaboration to develop a NIR FRET biosensor, with significant advantages over the existing systems. A critical component of this endeavor is the development of an efficient environmentally conscious synthesis of novel NIR cyanine dyes utilizing microwave technology. Herein, we report the microwave synthesis of NIR-1. 2,3,3- Trimethyl-1-ethyl-3H-indolium iodide (I) synthesis is advantageous over the reported synthesis due to the significantly reduced reaction time of 450 s from 15 h and a decrease in the amount of iodoethane from 5 eq. to 3 eq. The condensation of heterocyclic salt I and bisaldehyde II has been accomplished in 220 sin 85% yield in the microwave oven; benzene has been eliminated from the condensation reaction procedure. Spectral characteristics of NIR-1 were determined and compared to commercially available NIR-1. A significant absence of asymmetry at the broad peak associated with the maximum absorbance wavelength, a slight increase in quantum yield (+~ .02) and the blue shift of the maximum absorbance wavelength (-~5 nm) was observed. Keywords: Cyanine dyes, microwave synthesis, solvent free reaction, FRET fluorescence